Hypertension: A Global and Local Concern

High blood pressure, or hypertension, is often called the “silent killer.” Why? Because it usually shows no symptoms, yet quietly damages the heart, kidneys and blood vessels over time.

On World Hypertension Day, May 17, it’s a perfect moment to understand this condition, check your own numbers and take steps to protect your health.

Hypertension: How Big is the Problem?

Globally, over 1.3 billion adults are living with high blood pressure, and many don’t even know it. In England, roughly one in four adults has hypertension, but nearly a third of these cases go undiagnosed.

These numbers matter. High blood pressure is a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes and kidney disease, making awareness and early action critical.

Understanding Blood Pressure

Think of your arteries as a network of hoses carrying blood instead of water. Blood pressure is the force your heart uses to push blood through these vessels. It needs to be strong enough to deliver oxygen and nutrients but not so high that it damages the arteries.

Blood pressure is measured with two numbers:

• Systolic (top number): Pressure when your heart beats.
• Diastolic (bottom number): Pressure when your heart rests between beats.

Why Blood Pressure Matters

Your blood pressure keeps your body alive and well by:

• Delivering oxygen and nutrients to the brain, heart, kidneys and other organs
• Removing waste products from your body
• Supporting overall organ health

Too low, and organs may not get enough oxygen. Too high, and arteries and organs can be damaged over time.

Checking Your Blood Pressure

Checking your blood pressure is simple and can be done at a clinic, pharmacy, or at home with an automated blood pressure machine. For the most accurate reading:

• Sit quietly for a few minutes
• Keep your feet flat on the floor
• Avoid talking or moving during the measurement

Taking readings at different times of the day gives a better picture. Regular monitoring is especially important if you have a family history of hypertension or other risk factors.

Please click here for more details on how to measure your blood pressure.

What are the Risks of High Blood Pressure

Hypertension is dangerous because it often develops without symptoms. When left uncontrolled, it can lead to:

• Heart attacks
• Strokes
• Kidney problems
• Vision loss

According to NICE guidelines:

• Clinic readings ≥ 140/90 mmHg on repeated visits indicate hypertension
• Home readings ≥ 135/85 mmHg are also considered high

Even slightly elevated blood pressure over time can be harmful, which is why prevention and regular monitoring are key.

If blood pressure readings are consistently above 180/120 mmHg, urgent same day medical attention would be required for further assessment. There could be a possibility of needing hospital admission to safely lower the blood pressure in a setting where close monitoring can occur.

What Causes Hypertension?

High blood pressure is usually a combination of factors:

• Lifestyle: High salt intake, lack of exercise, poor diet, excessive alcohol, smoking
• Genetics: Family history of hypertension
• Other factors: Stress, poor sleep, certain medications and medical conditions

Signs and Symptoms

Most people won’t notice any symptoms. When they do appear, they might include:

• Headaches or dizziness
• Shortness of breath
• Nosebleeds or chest discomfort

Because these signs are non-specific, relying on symptoms alone is risky – screening is the safest way to detect hypertension early.

Diagnosis and Investigations

Doctors may confirm hypertension by:

• Measuring blood pressure at multiple visits, or
• Asking patients with a blood pressure monitor to perform some readings at home, or
• Arrange for a 24-hour blood pressure monitor to be fitted

Alongside further blood pressure measurements, doctors will usually order blood and urine tests as well as arranging for an electrical tracing of the heart (ECG).

These investigations help identify causes and assess for any organ damage.

Managing High Blood Pressure

Depending on blood pressure levels and results of investigations, treatment usually involves lifestyle changes and medications:

• Lifestyle: Reduce salt, eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, limit alcohol, stop smoking and manage stress
• Medications: Medicines may be given to lower blood pressure by helping blood vessels relax and open up, or by getting rid of extra fluid from the body.

Working with a healthcare provider ensures the plan is safe and effective.

World Hypertension Day: Take Action

World Hypertension Day is a reminder to:

• Check your blood pressure
• Learn about risk factors
• Make healthy lifestyle changes

Communities around the world participate through public screenings, talks and media campaigns. Early detection saves lives, and small changes can make a big difference.

A Call to Awareness

High blood pressure affects millions, yet it is largely preventable and manageable. This World Hypertension Day, take a moment to:

• Measure your blood pressure
• Talk to your doctor about your risk
• Commit to healthier habits

Your heart and your future will thank you.

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